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-
- Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
- ------------------------------------------
-
- Contents:
-
- 1) Overview
- 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
- 3) Using "rdev -r" With New Kernels
- 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed ramdisk
-
-
- 1) Overview
- -----------
-
- As of kernel v1.3.48, the ramdisk driver was substantially changed.
-
- The older versions would grab a chunk of memory off the top before
- handing the remainder to the kernel at boot time. Thus a size parameter
- had to be specified via "ramdisk=1440" or "rdev -r /dev/fd0 1440" so
- that the driver knew how much memory to grab.
-
- Now the ramdisk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does
- this by using RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers
- it is using with a new "BH_Protected" flag so that the kernel does
- not try to reuse them later. This means that the old size parameter
- is no longer used, new command line parameters exist, and the behavior
- of the "rdev -r" or "ramsize" (usually a symbolic link to "rdev")
- command has changed.
-
- Also, the new ramdisk supports up to 16 ramdisks out of the box, and can
- be reconfigured in rd.c to support up to 255 ramdisks. To use multiple
- ramdisk support with your system, run 'mknod /dev/ramX b 1 X' and chmod
- (to change it's permissions) it to your liking. The default /dev/ram(disk)
- uses minor #1, so start with ram2 and go from there.
-
- The old "ramdisk=<ram_size>" has been changed to "ramdisk_size=<ram_size>"
- to make it clearer. The original "ramdisk=<ram_size>" has been kept around
- for compatibility reasons, but it will probably be removed in 2.1.x.
-
- The new ramdisk also has the ability to load compressed ramdisk images,
- allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
- rescue floppy disk.
-
- Notes: You may have "dev/ram" or "/dev/ramdisk" or both. They are
- equivalent from the standpoint of this document. Also, the new ramdisk
- is a config option. When running "make config", make sure you enable
- ramdisk support for the kernel you intend to use the ramdisk with.
-
-
- 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
- ---------------------------------
-
- ramdisk_start=NNN
- =================
-
- To allow a kernel image to reside on a floppy disk along with a compressed
- ramdisk image, the "ramdisk_start=<offset>" command was added. The kernel
- can't be included into the compressed ramdisk filesystem image, because
- it needs to be stored starting at block zero so that the BIOS can load the
- bootsector and then the kernel can bootstrap itself to get going.
-
- Note: If you are using an uncompressed ramdisk image, then the kernel can
- be a part of the filesystem image that is being loaded into the ramdisk,
- and the floppy can be booted with LILO, or the two can be separate as
- is done for the compressed images.
-
- If you are using a two-disk boot/root setup (kernel on #1, ramdisk image
- on #2) then the ramdisk would start at block zero, and an offset of
- zero would be used. Since this is the default value, you would not need
- to actually use the command at all.
-
- If instead, you have a "zImage" of about 350k, and a "fs_image.gz" of
- say about 1MB, and you want them both on the same disk, then you
- would use an offset. If you stored the "fs_image.gz" onto the floppy
- starting at an offset of 400kB, you would use "ramdisk_start=400".
-
-
- load_ramdisk=N
- ==============
-
- This parameter tells the kernel whether it is to try to load a
- ramdisk image or not. Specifying "load_ramdisk=1" will tell the
- kernel to load a floppy into the ramdisk. The default value is
- zero, meaning that the kernel should not try to load a ramdisk.
-
-
- prompt_ramdisk=N
- ================
-
- This parameter tells the kernel whether or not to give you a prompt
- asking you to insert the floppy containing the ramdisk image. In
- a single floppy configuration the ramdisk image is on the same floppy
- as the kernel that just finished loading/booting and so a prompt
- is not needed. In this case one can use "prompt_ramdisk=0". In a
- two floppy configuration, you will need the chance to switch disks,
- and thus "prompt_ramdisk=1" can be used. Since this is the default
- value, it doesn't really need to be specified.
-
- ramdisk_size=N
- ==============
-
- This parameter tells the ramdisk driver to set up ramdisks of Nk size. The
- default is 4096 (4MB).
-
- 3) Using "rdev -r" With New Kernels
- -----------------------------------
-
- The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image
- has changed. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1k blocks)
- of up to 2MB (2^11) of where to find the ramdisk (this used to be the
- size). Bit 14 indicates that a ramdisk is to be loaded, and bit 15
- indicates whether a prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying
- to read the ramdisk. Since the ramdisk dynamically grows as data is
- being written into it, a size field is no longer required. Bits 11
- to 13 are not presently used and may as well be zero. These numbers
- are no magical secrets, as seen below:
-
- ./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
- ./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
- ./arch/i386/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
-
- Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
- kernel on disk one, and have already put a ramdisk image onto disk #2.
-
- Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as zero, meaning that your ramdisk
- starts at an offset of zero kB from the beginning of the floppy.
- The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
-
- You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a ramdisk is to be loaded.
- The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
-
- You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
- sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
- The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
-
- Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
- So to create disk one of the set, you would do:
-
- /usr/src/linux# cat arch/i386/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
- /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
- /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
-
- If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:
- append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
- Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use:
- append = "load_ramdisk=1"
-
-
- 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed ramdisk
- ----------------------------------------------
-
- To create a ramdisk image, you will need a spare block device to
- construct it on. This can be the ramdisk device itself, or an
- unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
- example, we will use the ramdisk device, "/dev/ram".
-
- Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8MB
- of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram, then this
- restriction does not apply.
-
- a) Decide on the ramdisk size that you want. Say 2MB for this example.
- Create it by writing to the ramdisk device. (This step is not presently
- required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
- area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
- the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create.
-
- dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram bs=1k count=2048
-
- b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example.
-
- mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram 2048
-
- c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
- and unmount it again.
-
- d) Compress the contents of the ramdisk. The level of compression
- will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
- space on the ramdisk will compress to almost nothing.
-
- dd if=/dev/ram bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
-
- e) Put the kernel onto the floppy
-
- dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
-
- f) Put the ramdisk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
- that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
- (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
- the ramdisk image. An offset of 400kB for kernels about 350kB in
- size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
- not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440kB).
-
- dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
-
- g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, ramdisk offset, prompt flag, etc.
- For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
- have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552.
-
- rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
- rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
-
- That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed ramdisk floppy. Some
- users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Paul Gortmaker 12/95
-